In states like New York and New Jersey, POBR-style rights often arise from a combination of state statutes, municipal codes, and binding arbitration clauses negotiated in collective bargaining agreements rather than a single, unified law. New York, historically governed by the Taylor Law and a tradition of strong public sector unions, has seen police departments and unions incorporate rights akin to POBR into their contracts. Although the state does not have a singular POBR statute, officers frequently enjoy procedural protections similar to those codified elsewhere, including limits on interrogation tactics and rigorous disciplinary procedures. However, these contractual safeguards can vary widely from one jurisdiction to another, reflecting the power dynamics at the bargaining table. In New Jersey, police disciplinary frameworks may be supplemented by administrative regulations and civil service rules that function in tandem with negotiated agreements, thereby creating multi-layered protections that are difficult for reformers to disentangle (Harmon, “The Problem of Policing,” Michigan Law Review, 2012).